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反Abend(2008):竞争出社会学theory的paradigm

高行云 Sociological理论大缸 2019-09-03

 

Selg, Peeter. 2013. “The Politics of Theory and the Constitution of Meaning.” Sociological Theory 31 (1): 1–23.


本辑预告:当我们在说社会学”理论“时,theory指的是什么?88-92期预告

第90期 当我们说社会学“理论”时,theory指的应该/是什么?(Abend2008)


爱沙尼亚学者Peeter Selg2013年专门回应Gabriel Abend2008)《The Meaning of ‘Theory’》一文,理论工具的是Wittgenstein’s notion of family resemblance and post-Gramscian theories of hegemony

 


1.商榷的点是两个:

——反对认为“theory”是存在论/语义学区分。语义是构成性的。Abend’s proposal that semantic questions about theory can be addressed separately from ontological, evaluative, and teleological ones is untenable.Disagreements about the latter areconstitutive, not merely supplementary to the meaning of theory.

——反对达至更加具有约束意义的“theory”理解要协商民主式的解决办法,而是主张竞争的政治。

Against Abend’s deliberative-democratically oriented vision, I propose an agonistic politics of theory.

 

2.批评1:理论是政治的吗?内外之别的三种立场

Selg认为,社会学在讨论theory这个事时候,有两种立场:

1. 对理论来说,政治是内在的(理论=政治;理论争论=政治争议)——无规范主张走向更好的理论”who see politics as internal to science rarely provide normative guidelines for its organization.

 

2. 政治是外在的——有规范主张Conversely, those who view politics as external to science often provide prescriptions on how to organize science andits relations to wider publics.

例如:Burawoy

 

但是,Abend 2008,在Selg看来,提出了第三种主张:

3.政治是内在的(语义上争议,但隐含的是外在的立场)——有规范主张(协商民主式)。

Onereason Abend (2008) deserves attention from those reflecting on the politics/sociology nexus is that while he clearly does conceive sociology to beinternally political, he also provides normative guidelines for its organization(restricting his discussion to the constitution of the meaning of theory).

之所以说他还是有外在的,是因为Abend区分了存在论认识论/语义之分,这意味着有有词与物(内与外)之分。

how sociologists ought to use the word theoryon the one hand and what he terms “genuine” issues like “what theory really is?” on the other.

 

为此,Selg反对这种立场,认为要走真正的内在论立场,但也要有规范论主张

 

3. 批评2:谁是社会学家?——协商民主式解决方案的关键

Selg认为,Abend希望能以协商民主方式限制对theory的语义理解分歧,但是这种限制,在Abend看来,最终是靠Butnote that the whole argument is then dependent on the notion of “speaker of the sociological language,” in other words the notion of “sociologist.”

 

如果是靠的话,那么为达至语义上的协商与统一,就需要建立在实践中认同,需要形成边界——the identities of sociologists/reasonable persons(如同citizenship

 

这样一来,便能理解为什么理论本身是政治的了”——因为人是政治的。

——为什么会有分歧,Selg的理解,是从认同出发。

Basedon those insights I take the political character oftheory to be the following: The fact that there are different meanings of theory in sociology is due to thefact that there are different practices of theory within which sociologists with differentidentities struggle to show that this or that particular theory is a theory, is a good theory, and is preferable to other theories for achieving these or other goals.

 

 

4. Selg方案一:从paradigm/ family resemblance 角度寻找对“theory”的统一理解

Selg认为,paradigmhegemony(维根特斯坦氏和后葛兰西式),作为理论与政治,其实是同构的。

 

对于Abend认为社会学家在使用theory时有7种分歧,Selg则从维根斯特斯坦的家庭相似性出发,认为,社会学家使用理论这个词时不同所指是可以解决的。因为家族相似性背后是有个entity

Butsingle cases of family resemblance terms need not resemble each other, only an“entity” that resembles each of them in some relevant respects despite notresembling them all in the same way. This entity is called paradigm inthe Wittgensteinian sense and has, in fact, many affinities with the corresponding Kuhnian sense (see Kuhn 1996:45 for his discussion of Wittgenstein’s family resemblance).

 

因此,对于Abend列了7theory的语义分歧,如果真要举个paradigmSelg给出的是Weber,再广的就是古典三大家。也就是说,尽管有分歧,但家庭相似性意义上的paradigm或者统一是可能的。

 

5. Selg方案二:从后葛兰西式(拉克劳、墨菲)的hegemony竞争出paradigm

Selg主要是借用了拉克劳、墨菲的agonistic politics理论,认为

paradigm/hegemony都要从内部的特定元素出发,通过竞争,形成边界=排除/吸纳=the homogenization of the elements thatbelong to the system,最后成为普遍系统

 

从理论的paradigm来讲,agonistic politics就是boundaries-totality-routinized-paradigm

从政治的hegemony来讲,agonistic politics就是universal-homogenization-exclusion

 

结论:由于hegemony=paradigm(同构),理论=政治(都是从社会学家的认同实践角度),所以agonistic politics是可行的。

 

 

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